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Bray School in 1928 HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A1BEF310_F09D_C6C2_41ED_9A7EB8B3FA6D.toolTip = The Bray School in 2022 HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_09F5FFF4_2218_ECB3_41BA_8AE4A0A5AB70.toolTip = Under Main Stair HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_0A1B8D1F_221B_2D6C_41A0_783A2D771745.toolTip = Under Main Stair HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_AFC22DAC_C6A1_2059_41D7_43F00FCFD49F.toolTip = Under Main Stair HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_238F2EA6_56CB_34B9_41D1_E8BF9FD88FC6.toolTip = Website: Capitol Virtual Tour HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_07A108D8_2E28_62B6_4192_4477F52C152A.toolTip = Website: Capitol Virtual Tour HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F66FAAF0_F06D_4742_41E1_8F73B75BCE54.toolTip = Williamsburg Bray School Research ## Media ### Audio audiores_8EBDBD26_CAF8_5E7D_41DB_425C17A9C108.mp3Url = media/audio_8967C2C2_CAF8_4A35_41E6_993600D5A5E5_en.mp3 ### Image imlevel_F01A175A_E5EB_0E43_41A8_5D14A8ADE5E2.url = media/popup_F688D788_E5ED_0ECF_41D7_A6D49C10E754_en_0_0.jpg 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panorama_04EDF36D_13D4_C0B6_41B0_DE86411C788F.subtitle = After removing the 1920s rear additions, historians discovered interesting clues to the building's construction. This includes marks made by craftsmen constructing the building in 1760, and reuse of materials in the later additions. panorama_B7EB67F6_C561_2FC8_41DA_268694EB0DEC.subtitle = After the building was moved to the William and Mary location in 1930, the building was further enlarged to provide additional student housing. panorama_BF4191AD_C560_E05B_41E2_0AA70A4C6996.subtitle = After the removal of the 1920s plaster, valuable clues to the building's original construction were revealed. The angled studs on the fireplace wall provide evidence for the original gable roofline. In addition, the original fireplace was opened and revealed how it was modified from wood burning to coal burning. panorama_B01E0813_C561_6048_41D0_581EEB458E79.subtitle = After the removal of the 1920s plaster, valuable clues to the building's original construction were revealed. We found evidence of the original fireplace opening that was removed before the building was moved in 1930. The original rear dormer window opening was modified into a doorway to access the 1920s rear wing. panorama_A6B6E83A_BDD9_EAB1_41E4_15D97B23CB21.subtitle = At the start of the 2022 restoration, this room had a 19th-century mantel and access to a later wing. Originally a small closet was located to the left of the fireplace. The original window openings remain on the front and rear walls. panorama_FDA59798_E5DB_0ECF_41D2_C8114D2A6DF9.subtitle = At the start of the 2022 restoration, this room had a 19th-century mantel and access to two later wings. The original rear window opening was modified into a doorway to access the rear wing. panorama_A5266C25_BDF9_AA53_41DF_AEAC2AA2B14A.subtitle = Reused historic materials were found throughout the building. They highlight the common practice of reusing cast off materials, and represent modifications made to the building in the 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. panorama_B23CE594_BD46_DA70_41BF_6C96772FF39D.subtitle = The Bray School was founded in 1760 by the Bray Associates in London to educate enslaved and free Black children. Teacher Ann Wager lived in and taught up to 34 students yearly in the building from 1760 to late 1765. In the 1920s, the altered structure housed female students attending William & Mary. In the 1930s, it was moved onto college property where it sat until it was moved to Colonial Williamsburg property in 2023. panorama_B70B3EF9_C560_E1B8_41C2_609849CBC9DB.subtitle = This 2022 view shows the front elevation after the removal of the later additions. While the footprint is now close to its historic size the roofline still shows its 1920s gambrel roof. The roofline will be restored to its historic configurations on its new Colonial Williamsburg site. panorama_063CDD12_13AD_4092_41AF_E169670E3526.subtitle = This typical 18th-century central passage floorplan has one room on each side of the passage. The original stair survives with minor modifications. panorama_C38C58FA_E12C_7A35_41E3_D818B17C55F3.subtitle = This view shows the left end of the building after the 2022 removal of the 1930s wings and chimney. The chimney had replaced the original left chimney that did not move with the building in 1930. panorama_AA0F36B8_C560_E1B9_41E4_65796B36418B.subtitle = This view shows the original chimney that was moved to the William and Mary site with the building in 1930. Up until the summer of 2022, the chimney remained obscured by a 1920s wing. panorama_2B03B11A_13DD_4092_41B3_E2143DF0B4A9.subtitle = Up until the mid-1920s, an 18th-century one-story closet was located next to the chimney. It was removed when the building was modified in the mid-1920s to include a porch and two-story rear addition. ### Title photo_F975A006_F07D_42CE_41D7_581EDE652378.label = Composite First Floor Map 7 photo_FA676E4E_F39D_DF5E_4183_D90001650CB4.label = Composite Second Floor Map 1 panorama_B70B3EF9_C560_E1B8_41C2_609849CBC9DB.label = Front Elevation panorama_B23CE594_BD46_DA70_41BF_6C96772FF39D.label = Front Right Corner panorama_B516418A_C563_2058_41D9_1B84E8DC2DA4.label = Intermediate Stair Landing panorama_C38C58FA_E12C_7A35_41E3_D818B17C55F3.label = Left Elevation photo_B9553BDA_F0B5_C546_41B2_65365F176DDF.label = Location 1-1 photo_BF02CCC0_F09D_C341_41EC_7715A7B2D6F7.label = Location 1-3 photo_BD44FE1F_F093_5EFE_41C6_C896F4C56046.label = Location 1-4 photo_0DFF5EA2_F39D_7FC6_41E3_A23D170294ED.label = Location 10-1 photo_F627A1CB_F39D_4546_41A2_F230E8F2C19D.label = Location 10-2 photo_09FBBBE3_F394_C546_41CB_E126E20E46A3.label = Location 10-3 photo_1ADA5CC4_F395_4342_41EB_6886609D473D.label = Location 11-1 photo_F614C58D_F3BC_CDC2_41D3_E9BF7E84DDD3.label = Location 11-2 photo_048B8A3E_F3B5_473E_41E0_B64864CFD576.label = Location 11-3 photo_1C79E605_F074_CECD_4163_E0E0AE1D9BB3.label = Location 12-1 photo_11B9A1A2_F07D_45C6_41DF_F9D7D0825917.label = Location 12-2 photo_F8A6B825_F09F_42C2_41D7_BCC6EE74AC0C.label = Location 12-Map 2 photo_1625B80A_F0BC_C2C6_41D7_0ADF5B172F55.label = Location 13-1 photo_2D571631_F0B3_4EC2_41E2_BA3C1160C0FA.label = Location 13-2 photo_2D519332_F0B3_C6C6_41D6_02D8380B6308.label = Location 13-3 photo_31616ED5_F094_DF42_41E2_9A36C372B7BC.label = Location 14-1 photo_3E546FD4_F0F5_5D41_41B2_40C0F6795FB8.label = Location 14-2 photo_33904136_F0F3_42C1_41DA_EACBA135CA12.label = Location 14-3 photo_424A9123_F093_42C6_41EE_6E4B57D98645.label = Location 15-1 photo_34E50626_F097_4ECE_41C8_E134EBC88ADB.label = Location 15-2 photo_58069657_F797_4F4E_41BC_B95E11D37FA1.label = Location 15-3B photo_57787292_F7AD_C7C6_41E8_E644B21679BD.label = Location 16-1 photo_571FB6A1_F7B4_CFC2_41C6_BC7089A86A0E.label = Location 16-2 photo_F647083B_F39D_42C6_41ED_B002299BFEA1.label = Location 16-3.jpg photo_A43A4C1E_F19D_42FE_41E5_97924687CC5C.label = Location 2-1 photo_958AE451_F1B5_4342_41AE_E28E26A4DCEA.label = Location 2-2 photo_6A7E2333_F075_46C7_41ED_0D0D30F5ED86.label = Location 2-3 Combined B photo_969F670D_F193_CEC2_41C2_66F48218FCC7.label = Location 2-4 - Combined photo_728CB482_F0F4_C3C6_41EA_BC35F1F996AC.label = Location 3 - 1 photo_8C597ADC_F0ED_C742_41DE_B9AF398FCDD2.label = Location 3 - 2 photo_1F615A20_0D99_A6E9_419D_753D7C8EA16E.label = Location 3 - 3B photo_769BF092_F093_43C6_41BF_79FC10A37989.label = Location 4-1 photo_7B23F2FC_F093_C741_41DC_E525CDB58D11.label = Location 4-2 photo_881E2E2A_F0FF_7EC6_41E2_C3DEE45BDE06.label = Location 5 -1b photo_E6B3FBEE_F07F_455E_41EB_33CE42DF80F5.label = Location 5 -2 photo_1ED25340_0D9A_E6A9_41A3_979D5C9F3F77.label = Location 6-1B photo_78A1766C_F0BD_CF42_41E9_9C82BB91C045.label = Location 6-2 photo_63E2ABEA_F0B5_4546_41EA_22346A3AFCCE.label = Location 6-3 photo_7F0F68EE_F0AF_435E_41DA_2231EC1188E6.label = Location 6-4 photo_8A5C874C_F1B4_CD42_41E6_D6278101F3B9.label = Location 7-2 photo_F88DBE43_F0AC_BF47_41D7_75B010A21576.label = Location 8 - Map 2 of 2 photo_F653AFF5_F3B5_5D4D_41C4_63E0FF282B3A.label = Location 8-1 photo_F65C8E4A_F3B3_5F46_41E7_6EA43634AD29.label = Location 8-2 photo_F65ED304_F3AC_C6C1_41AE_7C25CC2D3FA4.label = Location 8-3 video_F6372CB3_F3FD_43C6_41B6_482B1134115A.label = Media1 video_2A9E8D5F_D876_C590_41D8_728B3913CCA5.label = Moving the Williamsburg Bray School 2 photo_F631216F_F3F5_455E_41DE_329F491707CC.label = Picture34 panorama_04EDF36D_13D4_C0B6_41B0_DE86411C788F.label = Rear Elevation panorama_B7EB67F6_C561_2FC8_41DA_268694EB0DEC.label = Rear Left Corner panorama_2B03B11A_13DD_4092_41B3_E2143DF0B4A9.label = Rear Right Corner panorama_AA0F36B8_C560_E1B9_41E4_65796B36418B.label = Right Elevation panorama_063CDD12_13AD_4092_41AF_E169670E3526.label = Room 100 - Stair Passage panorama_A6B6E83A_BDD9_EAB1_41E4_15D97B23CB21.label = Room 101 panorama_FDA59798_E5DB_0ECF_41D2_C8114D2A6DF9.label = Room 102 A panorama_FCBF8E12_E5DB_01C3_41D4_E501D18C7E23.label = Room 102 B panorama_B53E9B07_C561_6048_41E5_AD39D055F0F3.label = Room 200 - Stair Hall panorama_BF4191AD_C560_E05B_41E2_0AA70A4C6996.label = Room 201 panorama_B01E0813_C561_6048_41D0_581EEB458E79.label = Room 202 panorama_A5266C25_BDF9_AA53_41DF_AEAC2AA2B14A.label = Under Main Stair photo_FACB3CBA_F095_43C6_41DD_950584CDAAA5.label = User Guide Graphic - Bray School 5 photo_BCE7D104_F0AF_C2C1_41E3_612E72FC3D39.label = bray_475 ### Video videolevel_D5CB0917_C1F6_1CD5_41CB_6195EF8E6470.url = media/video_2A9E8D5F_D876_C590_41D8_728B3913CCA5_en.mp4 videolevel_D5CB0917_C1F6_1CD5_41CB_6195EF8E6470.posterURL = media/video_2A9E8D5F_D876_C590_41D8_728B3913CCA5_poster_en.jpg videolevel_D5CE96FB_C1F6_155C_41D9_8D32FD33E18D.url = media/video_F6372CB3_F3FD_43C6_41B6_482B1134115A_en.mp4 videolevel_D5CE96FB_C1F6_155C_41D9_8D32FD33E18D.posterURL = media/video_F6372CB3_F3FD_43C6_41B6_482B1134115A_poster_en.jpg ### Video Subtitles ## Popup ### Body htmlText_A762B068_F19C_C341_41EC_DF9A30E0EAD1.html =
This mid-1920s view shows the building on its original site from the original chimney side. The closet has been removed; a porch has been added with two entrances into the building; and a two-story addition on the rear. Note the short extension against the two-story addition. It covers a secondary stairway leading to the new second-floor rooms.
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After removing the 1920s plaster, we were able to document the original stair construction techniques.
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An amazing array of objects were found in the fireplace and wall voids in the room.
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Carpenters’ marks on original 1760 timbers. Roman numerals were commonly used to mark the mortise and tenon joinery construction in early timberframe structures. These two examples were found chiseled on the rear building sill.
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Chair rail section reused in stair passage wall in the 1926 building renovation and closeup of chair rail joinery.
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Conducting paint reveals on an early window provided the opportunity to take a more detailed impression of the window’s architrave.
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Corner construction showing an early tie beam (red square). The tie beam is a horizontal beam that serves to prevent two other structural members from separating.
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Dendrochronologist Mick Worthington taking core samples from what turned out to be original 1760 timbers on the front of the building. Dendrochronology is the practice of dating buildings through the study of tree rings found in the lumber used in construction.
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Framing for an early fireplace opening (red box) and reused early rafters are visible after the plaster removal in the room in 2022.
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Front elevation right wing in 2022 before removal (left) and after (right). The arrows show the location of the original chimney.
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Impressions found on some of the original chimney bricks represent the people and animals that left their mark on the 1760 brickmaking process.
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Investigation of original stair tread (red arrow) hidden under 1926 tread.
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Left view of the building in 2022 before the removal of the mid-1920s and post-1930 additions.
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Measurements were taken at various points along the sills under Room 102.
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Original front window opening in Room 102.
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Rear right corner view of the building in 2022 before the removal of the mid-1920s and post-1930 additions.
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Rear view of the building in 2022 before the removal of the late-1920s two-story addition that was moved here with the building in 1930.
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Room 101 before restoration work was begun in 2022.
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Room 102 before restoration work was begun in 2022.
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Room 201 before restoration work was begun in 2022.
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Room 201 wall showing original fireplace opening and angled studs showing original roof line.
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Room 202 before restoration work was begun in 2022.
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Stair Passage (Room 100) in 2020 before restoration work began.
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Stair Passage (Room 100) in 2020 before restoration work began.
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Stair intermediate landing before restoration work was begun in 2022.
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The bevel laps shown here (red boxes) indicate the height of 1st and 2nd floor, 18th-century doors.
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The framing for the original main stair is visible in the space below.
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The only surviving 18th-century door in the building was found reused in the mid-1920s rear addition. It is believed to have originally been used as a closet door.
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There is 1760 flooring still in place under most of the 1920s flooring.
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This 1919 sketch by architect Donald MacDonald Millar shows the building before the 1920s additions. It shows a 19th-century kitchen wing (red arrows) on the rear and a second original chimney (blue arrow) that was not included in the 1930 move.
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This 1924 image shows the building on its original site before any 20th-century modifications occurred.
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This 1928 view of the building in its original location shows the new gambrel roof, dormers, and right wing. The 1760 chimney can be seen captured within the modern wing.
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This 1930s rear left view of the building on the college site shows a screened porch addition.
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This 2022 image of the front of the building shows it on the College of the William and Mary campus where it was moved in 1930. The building was further enlarged after it was moved to the site.
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This c.1919 rear left view of the building on its original site shows the original chimney and closet, and 19th century kitchen wing on the right.
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This c.1919 view of the building in its original location shows the original roofline, location of dormers, and the chimney (the only 1760 feature that survives unchanged).
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This c.1919 view shows the building on its original site from the original chimney side. It also shows an original closet to the right of the chimney.
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This late-1920s aerial image shows the building in its original location. The mid-1920s modifications are visible including the new gambrel roof and wings.
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This late-1920s image shows the original chimney that was not moved with the building. This picture was taken shortly before the building was moved from its original site.
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This section of an early board-and-batten door was found in 2022 reused as sheathing on the 1926 entrance porch roof.
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This view shows the building after the removal of the right end additions. The one-story enclosed addition (arrow) is the screened porch seen in the 1930s rear left view image.
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Timelapse video of the removal of 1920s plaster from the walls in Room 102.
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2nd Floor main stair passage before restoration work was begun in 2022. The doorway to the stair for the 1926 two-story addition on the back of the building is visible at the intermediate landing.
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In the 18th century, carpenters often used cast off materials for other functions. Here, a shingle was used as a shim to level the doorway leading into the under-stair space.
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Paint sampling was undertaken on various trim pieces and the balustrade in the stair passage. Analysis showed that the stair remained unpainted until the 19th century. This lack of treatment has been found at other period tenements in Williamsburg.
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Producers
Peter Inker
Chad Corman
Developer
Rob Cloutier
Content
Carol Gillam
Dani Jaworski
Jennifer Wilkoski
Steve Chabra
Scott Merrifield
Emily Campbell
Cindy Deuell
Matt Webster
Video
Steve Chabra
Testing
Chad Corman
Peter Inker
Tanya Morris
Andrew Winfree
Analysis
Sara Paiva
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Welcome to the Williamsburg Bray School virtual tour from Colonial Williamsburg.
Hidden in plain sight, Williamsburg’s Bray school has finally been revealed beneath accumulated building additions. In this tour, we explore the building that was once a school for free and enslaved African American children of Williamsburg.
By clicking on the information icon you can discover some of the historic photos and videos documenting the preservation work and meticulous research undertaken on the 18th century building.
There is also an external link to our main webpage where you can explore the other exciting work that Colonial Williamsburg and its partners are doing to understand this highly significant building.
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Panorama List
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUR ADIPISCING ELIT. MAECENAS CONGHE EROS MAGNA.


Proin sit amet pharetra magna. Donec varius eu nisi at facilisis. Vivamus nibh magna, fermentum ac nibh sit amet, euismod efficitur sem. Fusce blandit, purus sed gravida vulputate, justo quam laoreet quam, et dictum mauris arcu vitae justo.


Vivamus euismod condimentum ligula quis feugiat. Cras imperdiet tortor mi, a posuere velit tempus et. Maecenas et scelerisque turpis. Quisque in gravida leo, sed dapibus nibh. Ut at consequat turpis. Curabitur et tempor ex, aliquet interdum quam. Aliquam erat volutpat.
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUR ADIPISCING ELIT. MAECENAS CONGUE EROS MAGNA, ID BIBENDUM EROS MALESUADA VITAE.


Address: line 1
Address: line 2
Address: line 3
GPS: xxxxxxxxxx


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LOREM IPSUM
Mauris aliquet neque quis libero consequat vestibulum. Donec lacinia consequat dolor viverra sagittis. Praesent consequat porttitor risus, eu condimentum nunc. Proin et velit ac sapien luctus efficitur egestas ac augue. Nunc dictum, augue eget eleifend interdum, quam libero imperdiet lectus, vel scelerisque turpis lectus vel ligula. Duis a porta sem. Maecenas sollicitudin nunc id risus fringilla, a pharetra orci iaculis. Aliquam turpis ligula, tincidunt sit amet consequat ac, imperdiet non dolor.


CONTACT:
E-mail: Info@loremipsum.com
Web: www.loremipsum.com
Tlf.: +11 111 111 111
Address: line 1
Address line 2
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HOUSE
HTMLText_335E39B6_12FA_FEFE_41AA_91C449696299.html =
CONTACT
INFO
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LOREM/
IPSUM
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Floorplan
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PANORAMA LIST
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Mauris aliquet neque quis libero consequat vestibulum. Donec lacinia consequat dolor viverra sagittis. Praesent consequat porttitor risus, eu condimentum nunc. Proin et velit ac sapien luctus efficitur egestas ac augue.


Nunc dictum, augue eget eleifend interdum, quam libero imperdiet lectus, vel scelerisque turpis lectus vel ligula.


Integer eget pulvinar urna, et tincidunt sem. Suspendisse imperdiet tincidunt risus id mollis. Vivamus suscipit dui sit amet tortor pellentesque, ac laoreet tortor finibus. Nulla maximus urna id sagittis ultricies. Suspendisse in mi sit amet nisi rutrum sodales non eu elit. Integer cursus, odio nec efficitur fermentum.


Ut sed mattis ipsum. Curabitur blandit hendrerit nisi ac feugiat.
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LOREM/
IPSUM


LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUR ADIPISCING ELIT. MAECENAS CONGHE EROS MAGNA.


Proin sit amet pharetra magna. Donec varius eu nisi at facilisis. Vivamus nibh magna, fermentum ac nibh sit amet, euismod efficitur sem. Fusce blandit, purus sed gravida vulputate, justo quam laoreet quam, et dictum mauris arcu vitae justo.


Vivamus euismod condimentum ligula quis feugiat. Cras imperdiet tortor mi, a posuere velit tempus et. Maecenas et scelerisque turpis. Quisque in gravida leo, sed dapibus nibh. Ut at consequat turpis. Curabitur et tempor ex, aliquet interdum quam. Aliquam erat volutpat.


Mauris aliquet neque quis libero consequat vestibulum. Donec lacinia consequat dolor viverra sagittis. Praesent consequat porttitor risus, eu condimentum nunc. Proin et velit ac sapien luctus efficitur egestas ac augue.


Nunc dictum, augue eget eleifend interdum, quam libero imperdiet lectus, vel scelerisque turpis lectus vel ligula.


Integer eget pulvinar urna, et tincidunt sem. Suspendisse imperdiet tincidunt risus id mollis. Vivamus suscipit dui sit amet tortor pellentesque, ac laoreet tortor finibus. Nulla maximus urna id sagittis ultricies. Suspendisse in mi sit amet nisi rutrum sodales non eu elit. Integer cursus, odio nec efficitur fermentum.


Ut sed mattis ipsum. Curabitur blandit hendrerit nisi ac feugiat.
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CONTACT


LOREM IPSUM
Mauris aliquet neque quis libero consequat vestibulum. Donec lacinia consequat dolor viverra sagittis. Praesent consequat porttitor risus, eu condimentum nunc. Proin et velit ac sapien luctus efficitur egestas ac augue. Nunc dictum, augue eget eleifend interdum, quam libero imperdiet lectus, vel scelerisque turpis lectus vel ligula. Duis a porta sem. Maecenas sollicitudin nunc id risus fringilla, a pharetra orci iaculis. Aliquam turpis ligula, tincidunt sit amet consequat ac, imperdiet non dolor.


CONTACT:
E-mail: Info@loremipsum.com
Web: www.loremipsum.com
Tlf.: +11 111 111 111
Address: line 1
Address line 2
HTMLText_71413C41_554D_292A_41CD_204A95F27E49.html =





Rear right corner view of the building in 2022 before the removal of the mid-1920s and post-1930 additions.
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Coffeehouse
Beams



Original rafters from the 1750s structure were saved after the structure was demolished in the 1880s. The rafters provided invaluable information for the reconstruction of the Coffeehouse. They not only informed the type of joinery and wood species used, but also told us the slope of the roof, type of sheathing, shingles, and the presence of dormers. Every mark on the rafters helped tell the story of the structure and what it looked like.
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King George III
(1738-1820)



At the age of 23 George William Frederick became George III King of Great Britain and King of Ireland on 25 October 1760, four days after his father’s death. Forty-one years later, after the union of Ireland and Great Britain, on January 1st, 1801 George III became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He remained under this title until his death at the age of 81 on 29th January 1820.


Painting by Allan Ramsay
c. 1770


A full-length portrait showing George III in robes of the Order of the Garter, situated in front of a classical, draped column and standing on a slight dais covered in an elaborately figured carpet. He wears the Order of the Garter and his body is turned in pleasing contrapposto, his proper right hand on his hip, his proper left hand resting on a portion of his robes spread over a table beside him.
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Paint Samples



Over 100 paint samples were taken from the surviving 18th-century Coffeehouse fragments in the collection, including window sash, door architraves, and interior moldings. Paint analysts examined the samples and used their findings to inform the paint colors seen on the exterior and interior of the reconstructed building.
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LOCATION
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floorplan/
HTMLText_18127A3F_1663_8BEF_4175_B0DF8CE38BFE_mobile.html =
LOCATION


LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUR ADIPISCING ELIT. MAECENAS CONGUE EROS MAGNA, ID BIBENDUM EROS MALESUADA VITAE.


Address: line 1
Address: line 2
Address: line 3
GPS: xxxxxxxxxx
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King George III
(1738-1820)



At the age of 23 George William Frederick became George III King of Great Britain and King of Ireland on 25 October 1760, four days after his father’s death. Forty-one years later, after the union of Ireland and Great Britain, on January 1st, 1801 George III became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He remained under this title until his death at the age of 81 on 29th January 1820.


Painting by Allan Ramsay
c. 1770


A full-length portrait showing George III in robes of the Order of the Garter, situated in front of a classical, draped column and standing on a slight dais covered in an elaborately figured carpet. He wears the Order of the Garter and his body is turned in pleasing contrapposto, his proper right hand on his hip, his proper left hand resting on a portion of his robes spread over a table beside him.
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King William III
(1650-1702)



William was born in 1650 and inherited the title Duke of Orange. He reigned as King of Great Britain from 1689 to 1702. William and his wife Queen Mary were popular, they gave their name to the College of William and Mary established in 1693, and he gave his name to the city of Williamsburg established in 1699. In 1702, aged 52 William died of pneumonia brought on by a riding accident.


Painting by Willem Wissing
c. 1685


This painting shows William in martial style, with armor and baton of office. Wissing had previously studied under Peter Lely whose portraits of William II and Catherine, hang in Williamsburg’s Governor’s Palace.
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Pewter Inkstand



An inkstand was a receptacle for pen, ink, and other writing accessories which would have been needed in the rooms throughout the Capitol where many documents were being created and signed into law. Inkstands were often made of silver, pewter, or ceramic. This is a pewter inkstand which included two inkwells that allowed for both black and red ink to be used on these legal documents. In between the two inkwells was a pewter pounce box. Pounce was a powdered gum that helped fix ink to the paper and was often sprinkled onto the document after it was written to prevent the ink from smudging. There is also a lidded compartment that would allow the user to store writing equipment such as sealing wax, quills, pen knife, and seals.
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Queen Anne
(1665-1714)



Anne was born in 1665, and in 1683 she married Prince George of Denmark at the age of 18.
In 1702 Anne came to the throne as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. In 1707 she united the three countries in an “Act of Union” entitling them Great Britain. Anne was troubled with illness throughout her life and died at the age of 49 in 1714.


Painting by Michael Dahl
c. 1702


The picture shows Anne with her left hand on the symbols of authority and power, the orb, scepter, and crown.
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Queen Caroline Wilhelmina of Brandenburg-Ansbach
(1683-1760)



Caroline was born in 1683 in Ansbach (modern day Germany), daughter of the Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (the hereditary ruler of the region). In 1705 she married Prince George Augustus of Hanover, who was to later to become King George II of Great Britain. Caroline had 10 children, 7 of whom lived to adulthood. Caroline died at the age of 54 in 1737, at St. James’s Palace London.


Painting by Charles Jervas
1727


The painting is a companion portrait to the one opposite of her husband George II. The sumptuousness of her dress, gold embroidery and ermine fur, as well as her hand on the crown reinforce her Royal status.
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Warming Machine



Lord Botetourt, the royal governor of Virginia, ordered this cast-iron stove from London in 1770 to heat the hall of the House of Burgesses at the Capitol in Williamsburg. The device was decorated with fashionable ornament and symbolic imagery appropriate to its use. A notice in a London newspaper described the stove as "one of the most elegant warming machines...that ever was seen in this or any other kingdom."


The stove was taken to Richmond in 1780 when the seat of the new commonwealth's government moved there. It was used in the Richmond Capitol for some years, and was on display there as a historic artifact by the time of the Civil War. With the reconstruction of the colonial capitol in Williamsburg, the stove was placed on long-term loan to the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation in 1933.
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King George II
(1683-1760)



George was born in Hanover (modern day Germany) in 1683. At the age of 22, Prince George Augustus of Hanover married Caroline of Ansbach (in Modern day Germany) in 1705. Two decades later in 1727, George became King of Great Britain, and Ireland, he was 44. During his time on the throne he managed the Jacobite Rebellion and the Seven Years War (French and Indian war in North America). In 1760 George died at the age of 77.


Painting by Charles Jervas
c. 1727


Portrait of King George II, King of Great Britain 1683-1760. The painting is a companion portrait to the one opposite of his wife Queen Caroline. The artist painted George II standing full length in state robes, wearing the collar of the Order of the Garter, holding the scepter, with the orb and crown on a cushion beside him. These elements are all representative of his role as King.
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Queen Charlotte
(1744-1818)



Sophia Charlotte was the youngest daughter of the Duke and Princes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, a Dutchy of the Holy Roman Empire in modern-day northern Germany. At the age of 17 she married George III in 1761, becoming Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (subsequently queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) until her death at the age of 74 in 1818.


Painting by Allan Ramsay
c. 1770


A full-length portrait showing Queen Charlotte in robes of state, turned slightly to the viewer's right, and standing beside a classical column, her proper left hand resting on her crown which, in turn, rests on a cushion on a draped table. She stands on a slight dais covered in an elaborately figured carpet. Her proper right arm hangs at her side, her fingers loosely clasping the edge of her robe. Her train is spread behind her, resting on a throne to the left. Tasseled drapery fills the upper left corner of the composition.
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Williamsburg and Coffeehouses



Williamsburg, although important as the capital of the wealthy and populous colony of Virginia, could not support the variety of specialized coffeehouses that thrived in London. In 1775, Williamsburg’s population amounted to about 2,000 (over half of whom were enslaved African Americans), whereas the inhabitants of London numbered 675,000. Historical evidence suggestions that at any one time, there was only a single coffeehouse operating in Williamsburg. Throughout the 18th century, the location and owners of the establishments changed.


The earliest reference to a coffeehouse in Williamsburg dates to 1709, when William Byrd II, a member of the House of Burgess, mentioned one located at the east end of Duke of Gloucester street near the Capitol. He went to the coffeehouse for drinks, meals, meetings, the latest newspapers, and card games. Such activities show the close resemblance to coffeehouses in London. Unfortunately, we know neither the exact location nor the proprietor’s name, but clearly the customers at this Williamsburg coffeehouse were mostly burgesses, councilors, and others who worked at the Capitol.


By the 1740s, another coffeehouse, again noted in the diary of William Byrd II, was in operation in Williamsburg. In 1751, the tenant at what is now Shields Tavern called his business the English Coffee House.


By the 1760s, a new coffeehouse was established by Richard Charlton near the Capitol, in an area called the Exchange, where merchants met to set prices of tobacco and to conduct business.
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